Kukoamine B mesylate is a novel cationic alkaloid derived from dermatophytes with antioxidant activity, inhibits LPS internalization in Kupffer and RAW 264.7 cells, and can be used to study acute inflammation and diabetes.

Vaccarin is a major flavonoid glycoside in Vaccariae semen, its biotransformation pathways involves methylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation and deglycosylation.

It is an antioxidant like vitamin E and it is used in biological or biochemical applications to reduce oxidative stress or damage.